±Recent Visitors

Recent Visitors to Com-Central!

±User Info-big


Welcome Anonymous

Nickname
Password

Membership:
Latest: cgsimpson
New Today: 0
New Yesterday: 0
Overall: 6645

People Online:
Members: 0
Visitors: 768
Total: 768
Who Is Where:
 Visitors:
01: Community Forums
02: Member Screenshots
03: Community Forums
04: Community Forums
05: Community Forums
06: Photo Gallery
07: Downloads
08: Home
09: Community Forums
10: Community Forums
11: Community Forums
12: Home
13: Home
14: Community Forums
15: Your Account
16: Community Forums
17: Home
18: Photo Gallery
19: Community Forums
20: Downloads
21: Home
22: Community Forums
23: Community Forums
24: Photo Gallery
25: Member Screenshots
26: Home
27: Home
28: Community Forums
29: Community Forums
30: Community Forums
31: Member Screenshots
32: Community Forums
33: Community Forums
34: CPGlang
35: Community Forums
36: Community Forums
37: Community Forums
38: Community Forums
39: Community Forums
40: Community Forums
41: Home
42: Community Forums
43: Member Screenshots
44: Community Forums
45: Member Screenshots
46: Downloads
47: Your Account
48: Home
49: Community Forums
50: Community Forums
51: Community Forums
52: Community Forums
53: Community Forums
54: Member Screenshots
55: Community Forums
56: Home
57: Community Forums
58: Home
59: Community Forums
60: Community Forums
61: Community Forums
62: Community Forums
63: Community Forums
64: Downloads
65: Community Forums
66: Community Forums
67: Home
68: Community Forums
69: Photo Gallery
70: CPGlang
71: Community Forums
72: Community Forums
73: Community Forums
74: Community Forums
75: Photo Gallery
76: Member Screenshots
77: Community Forums
78: Photo Gallery
79: Home
80: Community Forums
81: Photo Gallery
82: Photo Gallery
83: News Archive
84: Community Forums
85: Community Forums
86: Home
87: Community Forums
88: Community Forums
89: Photo Gallery
90: Home
91: Community Forums
92: Photo Gallery
93: Community Forums
94: Downloads
95: Community Forums
96: Home
97: Photo Gallery
98: Photo Gallery
99: Community Forums
100: Home
101: Downloads
102: Community Forums
103: Community Forums
104: Community Forums
105: Community Forums
106: Home
107: Community Forums
108: Community Forums
109: Community Forums
110: Community Forums
111: Community Forums
112: Community Forums
113: Downloads
114: Community Forums
115: Downloads
116: Photo Gallery
117: Community Forums
118: News Archive
119: Community Forums
120: Community Forums
121: Community Forums
122: Your Account
123: Photo Gallery
124: Community Forums
125: Community Forums
126: Community Forums
127: Community Forums
128: Community Forums
129: Community Forums
130: Community Forums
131: Community Forums
132: CPGlang
133: Community Forums
134: Photo Gallery
135: Photo Gallery
136: Member Screenshots
137: Community Forums
138: Photo Gallery
139: Downloads
140: Community Forums
141: Photo Gallery
142: Community Forums
143: Your Account
144: Community Forums
145: Community Forums
146: Community Forums
147: Your Account
148: Community Forums
149: Downloads
150: Community Forums
151: Community Forums
152: Photo Gallery
153: Community Forums
154: Community Forums
155: Downloads
156: Community Forums
157: Home
158: Community Forums
159: Community Forums
160: Photo Gallery
161: Home
162: Member Screenshots
163: Community Forums
164: Member Screenshots
165: Home
166: Home
167: Home
168: Community Forums
169: Community Forums
170: Community Forums
171: Downloads
172: Downloads
173: Community Forums
174: Community Forums
175: Community Forums
176: Home
177: Community Forums
178: Photo Gallery
179: Community Forums
180: Community Forums
181: Downloads
182: Home
183: Community Forums
184: Your Account
185: Your Account
186: Downloads
187: Photo Gallery
188: Community Forums
189: Member Screenshots
190: Community Forums
191: Statistics
192: Community Forums
193: Community Forums
194: CPGlang
195: Photo Gallery
196: Community Forums
197: Member Screenshots
198: Community Forums
199: Community Forums
200: Community Forums
201: Community Forums
202: Photo Gallery
203: Photo Gallery
204: Photo Gallery
205: Community Forums
206: Downloads
207: Statistics
208: Community Forums
209: Home
210: Photo Gallery
211: Community Forums
212: Home
213: Community Forums
214: Community Forums
215: Downloads
216: Community Forums
217: Community Forums
218: Community Forums
219: Photo Gallery
220: Member Screenshots
221: Downloads
222: Community Forums
223: Community Forums
224: News
225: Community Forums
226: Photo Gallery
227: Community Forums
228: CPGlang
229: Community Forums
230: Member Screenshots
231: Downloads
232: Photo Gallery
233: Community Forums
234: Home
235: Statistics
236: Downloads
237: Community Forums
238: Community Forums
239: Downloads
240: News Archive
241: Community Forums
242: Community Forums
243: Downloads
244: Home
245: Community Forums
246: Community Forums
247: Photo Gallery
248: CPGlang
249: Community Forums
250: Community Forums
251: Home
252: Community Forums
253: Statistics
254: Downloads
255: Downloads
256: Community Forums
257: Community Forums
258: Community Forums
259: Community Forums
260: Community Forums
261: Community Forums
262: Downloads
263: Community Forums
264: Community Forums
265: Community Forums
266: Community Forums
267: Community Forums
268: Member Screenshots
269: Community Forums
270: Community Forums
271: Home
272: Downloads
273: Community Forums
274: Home
275: Downloads
276: Community Forums
277: Community Forums
278: Community Forums
279: Community Forums
280: Community Forums
281: Community Forums
282: Home
283: Community Forums
284: News
285: Community Forums
286: Community Forums
287: Community Forums
288: Community Forums
289: Community Forums
290: Community Forums
291: Community Forums
292: Downloads
293: Community Forums
294: Photo Gallery
295: Community Forums
296: Photo Gallery
297: Home
298: Community Forums
299: Community Forums
300: Community Forums
301: Community Forums
302: Your Account
303: CPGlang
304: Photo Gallery
305: Downloads
306: Your Account
307: Home
308: Community Forums
309: Community Forums
310: Community Forums
311: Home
312: Community Forums
313: Community Forums
314: Community Forums
315: CPGlang
316: Community Forums
317: CPGlang
318: Home
319: Community Forums
320: Photo Gallery
321: Community Forums
322: Community Forums
323: Photo Gallery
324: Community Forums
325: Community Forums
326: Photo Gallery
327: Community Forums
328: Community Forums
329: Community Forums
330: Community Forums
331: Community Forums
332: Downloads
333: Photo Gallery
334: Community Forums
335: Community Forums
336: Downloads
337: Community Forums
338: Photo Gallery
339: Community Forums
340: Community Forums
341: Photo Gallery
342: Member Screenshots
343: Photo Gallery
344: Downloads
345: Home
346: Statistics
347: Community Forums
348: Your Account
349: Photo Gallery
350: Home
351: News
352: Photo Gallery
353: Community Forums
354: Community Forums
355: Home
356: Community Forums
357: Community Forums
358: Community Forums
359: Community Forums
360: Photo Gallery
361: Community Forums
362: Your Account
363: Photo Gallery
364: Photo Gallery
365: Photo Gallery
366: Photo Gallery
367: Community Forums
368: Community Forums
369: Photo Gallery
370: Community Forums
371: Downloads
372: Community Forums
373: Home
374: Photo Gallery
375: Community Forums
376: Photo Gallery
377: Community Forums
378: Community Forums
379: Community Forums
380: Downloads
381: Community Forums
382: Your Account
383: Community Forums
384: Your Account
385: Community Forums
386: Community Forums
387: Community Forums
388: Downloads
389: Community Forums
390: Home
391: Community Forums
392: Community Forums
393: Community Forums
394: Community Forums
395: Home
396: Photo Gallery
397: Community Forums
398: Community Forums
399: Community Forums
400: Community Forums
401: Photo Gallery
402: Home
403: Downloads
404: Photo Gallery
405: Community Forums
406: Community Forums
407: Photo Gallery
408: Your Account
409: Community Forums
410: Community Forums
411: Home
412: Community Forums
413: Community Forums
414: Home
415: Community Forums
416: Community Forums
417: Community Forums
418: Community Forums
419: Community Forums
420: Community Forums
421: Community Forums
422: Community Forums
423: Photo Gallery
424: Photo Gallery
425: Home
426: Photo Gallery
427: CPGlang
428: Community Forums
429: Community Forums
430: Community Forums
431: Community Forums
432: Community Forums
433: Community Forums
434: Photo Gallery
435: CPGlang
436: Member Screenshots
437: Downloads
438: Downloads
439: Community Forums
440: Community Forums
441: Community Forums
442: Community Forums
443: Photo Gallery
444: Downloads
445: Community Forums
446: Downloads
447: Community Forums
448: Community Forums
449: Community Forums
450: Downloads
451: Community Forums
452: Home
453: Member Screenshots
454: Downloads
455: Home
456: Photo Gallery
457: Community Forums
458: Community Forums
459: Community Forums
460: Community Forums
461: Community Forums
462: Community Forums
463: Community Forums
464: Community Forums
465: Photo Gallery
466: Community Forums
467: Photo Gallery
468: Community Forums
469: Community Forums
470: Community Forums
471: Community Forums
472: Community Forums
473: Photo Gallery
474: Community Forums
475: Community Forums
476: Community Forums
477: Community Forums
478: Member Screenshots
479: Downloads
480: Photo Gallery
481: Photo Gallery
482: Downloads
483: Community Forums
484: Photo Gallery
485: CPGlang
486: Community Forums
487: Member Screenshots
488: Community Forums
489: Home
490: Community Forums
491: Photo Gallery
492: Downloads
493: Community Forums
494: Community Forums
495: Community Forums
496: Photo Gallery
497: Downloads
498: Community Forums
499: Downloads
500: Downloads
501: Home
502: Home
503: Community Forums
504: Community Forums
505: Community Forums
506: Your Account
507: Photo Gallery
508: Community Forums
509: Community Forums
510: Community Forums
511: Community Forums
512: Community Forums
513: CPGlang
514: Community Forums
515: Community Forums
516: Home
517: Home
518: Photo Gallery
519: Community Forums
520: Community Forums
521: Downloads
522: Photo Gallery
523: Community Forums
524: Community Forums
525: Community Forums
526: Community Forums
527: Community Forums
528: Community Forums
529: Downloads
530: Community Forums
531: Community Forums
532: Community Forums
533: Community Forums
534: Photo Gallery
535: Home
536: Community Forums
537: Community Forums
538: Community Forums
539: Photo Gallery
540: Community Forums
541: CPGlang
542: Downloads
543: Downloads
544: Community Forums
545: Community Forums
546: Community Forums
547: Community Forums
548: Community Forums
549: Community Forums
550: Downloads
551: Photo Gallery
552: Community Forums
553: Community Forums
554: Photo Gallery
555: Community Forums
556: Community Forums
557: CPGlang
558: Home
559: Downloads
560: Community Forums
561: Home
562: Community Forums
563: Community Forums
564: Home
565: Photo Gallery
566: Community Forums
567: Community Forums
568: Community Forums
569: Member Screenshots
570: Statistics
571: Your Account
572: Home
573: Community Forums
574: Community Forums
575: Community Forums
576: Home
577: Photo Gallery
578: Community Forums
579: Community Forums
580: Community Forums
581: Photo Gallery
582: Community Forums
583: Community Forums
584: Community Forums
585: Community Forums
586: Community Forums
587: Community Forums
588: Community Forums
589: Photo Gallery
590: Community Forums
591: Community Forums
592: CPGlang
593: Statistics
594: Photo Gallery
595: Photo Gallery
596: Community Forums
597: Community Forums
598: Community Forums
599: Community Forums
600: Photo Gallery
601: Photo Gallery
602: Photo Gallery
603: News Archive
604: Downloads
605: Photo Gallery
606: Community Forums
607: Community Forums
608: Community Forums
609: Community Forums
610: Community Forums
611: Home
612: Community Forums
613: Home
614: Community Forums
615: Community Forums
616: Community Forums
617: Community Forums
618: Photo Gallery
619: Community Forums
620: Community Forums
621: Downloads
622: Community Forums
623: Downloads
624: Photo Gallery
625: Home
626: Community Forums
627: Home
628: Your Account
629: Community Forums
630: Community Forums
631: Community Forums
632: Photo Gallery
633: Downloads
634: Community Forums
635: Community Forums
636: Community Forums
637: Community Forums
638: Community Forums
639: Community Forums
640: Community Forums
641: Community Forums
642: Downloads
643: Photo Gallery
644: Downloads
645: Downloads
646: Downloads
647: Community Forums
648: Community Forums
649: Downloads
650: Photo Gallery
651: Statistics
652: Community Forums
653: Downloads
654: Community Forums
655: Community Forums
656: Statistics
657: Community Forums
658: Community Forums
659: Your Account
660: CPGlang
661: Community Forums
662: CPGlang
663: Community Forums
664: Photo Gallery
665: Community Forums
666: Downloads
667: Community Forums
668: Community Forums
669: Downloads
670: Photo Gallery
671: Community Forums
672: Community Forums
673: Community Forums
674: Community Forums
675: Community Forums
676: Community Forums
677: Home
678: CPGlang
679: Photo Gallery
680: Community Forums
681: Community Forums
682: Downloads
683: Photo Gallery
684: Community Forums
685: Photo Gallery
686: Community Forums
687: Community Forums
688: Community Forums
689: Community Forums
690: Community Forums
691: Community Forums
692: Community Forums
693: Downloads
694: Community Forums
695: Downloads
696: Photo Gallery
697: Community Forums
698: News
699: Community Forums
700: Community Forums
701: CPGlang
702: Photo Gallery
703: Community Forums
704: Community Forums
705: Community Forums
706: Community Forums
707: Home
708: Community Forums
709: Downloads
710: Community Forums
711: Community Forums
712: Community Forums
713: Community Forums
714: Community Forums
715: Community Forums
716: Community Forums
717: Your Account
718: Community Forums
719: Community Forums
720: Community Forums
721: Home
722: Community Forums
723: Community Forums
724: Photo Gallery
725: Photo Gallery
726: Community Forums
727: Photo Gallery
728: Community Forums
729: Community Forums
730: Home
731: Downloads
732: Community Forums
733: Community Forums
734: Home
735: Community Forums
736: Community Forums
737: Your Account
738: Community Forums
739: News Archive
740: Community Forums
741: Community Forums
742: Photo Gallery
743: Community Forums
744: CPGlang
745: Community Forums
746: Community Forums
747: Home
748: Home
749: Community Forums
750: Community Forums
751: Community Forums
752: Community Forums
753: Community Forums
754: Community Forums
755: Community Forums
756: Community Forums
757: Community Forums
758: Community Forums
759: Community Forums
760: Community Forums
761: Community Forums
762: Community Forums
763: Community Forums
764: Community Forums
765: Photo Gallery
766: Photo Gallery
767: Community Forums
768: Community Forums

Staff Online:

No staff members are online!
Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Sill
The AFV ASSOCIATION was formed in 1964 to support the thoughts and research of all those interested in Armored Fighting Vehicles and related topics, such as AFV drawings. The emphasis has always been on sharing information and communicating with other members of similar interests; e.g. German armor, Japanese AFVs, or whatever.
Go to page 1, 2  Next
Post new topic    Reply to topic    Printer Friendly Page     Forum Index ›  AFV News Discussion Board

View previous topic :: View next topic  
Author Message
vagabond
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Dec 05, 2009
Posts: 1388
Location: Constantly moving across US
PostPosted: Sat Feb 18, 2012 5:44 am
Post subject: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Sill

Hey all -

We’ve added a huge gallery of 612 photos from the:

US Army Field Artillery Museum at Fort Sill, OK

www.vgbimages.com/AFV-...924_Dztwvp

The collection is HUGE !!!! - Mrs VB and I were literally running around to get photos of everything in the time we had. Plan at least a full day to do the museum and grounds. Make it 2 days if you want to see the museum without jogging, and/or have time to visit any of the other historic areas on Fort Sill.

G12 GMC


German 10 cm Kanone 04 (Krupp)



Italian Semovente da 149-40 su M 14



MGM-29A Sergeant Missile



I’ve posted to both the AFV forum and Artillery forum as the museum pertains to both.

Enjoy!
VB
Back to top
View user's profile
Massimo_Foti
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Apr 08, 2008
Posts: 5397
Location: Lugano, Switzerland
PostPosted: Sat Feb 18, 2012 7:40 am
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Si

Wow! Great collection and great photo gallery. I wish more artifacts were stored indoor, but it looks like they take care of things, even outdoor.

This one is a 155mm GPF, most likely the american version:
www.vgbimages.com/AFV-...&k=zdbp2ck

I am pretty sure this is a 100/22, not a 100/24:
www.vgbimages.com/AFV-...&k=MVPvm3q

Thanks for sharing

Massimo
Back to top
View user's profile
bialy-r
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: May 06, 2009
Posts: 1233
Location: POLAND
PostPosted: Sat Feb 18, 2012 8:42 am
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Si

That M40
www.vgbimages.com/AFV-...&k=kQrQxsw

Was previously part of:

U.S. Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD (USA)
or
Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor, Fort Knox, KY (USA)

?
Back to top
View user's profile
the_shadock
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: May 27, 2006
Posts: 2865
Location: Normandy, France
PostPosted: Sat Feb 18, 2012 9:35 am
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Si

- bialy-r
That M40
www.vgbimages.com/AFV-...;k=kQrQxsw

Was previously part of:

U.S. Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD (USA)
or
Patton Museum of Cavalry and Armor, Fort Knox, KY (USA)

?


it was part of Patton Museum.

P-O

_________________
soldat_ryan @ hotmail.com

Looking for photos of Sherman manufacturer's plates
Back to top
View user's profile Send e-mail Visit poster's website MSN Messenger
Dontos
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Jan 24, 2006
Posts: 3436
Location: Vine Grove, KY
PostPosted: Sat Feb 18, 2012 9:52 am
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Sill

Yup, it sure was......

It looks a whole lot better with a fresh coat of paint. I wonder if the crew escape hatch has been replaced? It was missing prior to leaving Ft Knox, I did climb into the drivers compartment.

Excellent stuff VB !!
Regards
Don
Back to top
View user's profile Send e-mail Visit poster's website AIM Address Yahoo Messenger Photo Gallery
the_shadock
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: May 27, 2006
Posts: 2865
Location: Normandy, France
PostPosted: Sat Feb 18, 2012 10:01 am
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Si

Paul and Lorén,

your gallery is really appreciated for three reasons :
-you took really nice and high quality pictures (as usual)
-the items are in nice condition, it seems that the museum really takes care of the items displayed
-photos of this particular museum are hard to find on the internet

so I'm really glad that you published this gallery.

P-O

_________________
soldat_ryan @ hotmail.com

Looking for photos of Sherman manufacturer's plates
Back to top
View user's profile Send e-mail Visit poster's website MSN Messenger
Pzkpfw-e
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Jul 21, 2010
Posts: 1202

PostPosted: Sat Feb 18, 2012 11:23 am
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Sill

Superb photos, I've taken the liberty of posting a picture of the Krupp 10cm and a link to the gallery on the Landships forum. landships.activeboard....ollection/
Back to top
View user's profile
Rick_Eshleman
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Apr 26, 2011
Posts: 908
Location: Lewes, Delaware, USA
PostPosted: Sat Feb 18, 2012 1:59 pm
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Si

Great photos, thanks for sharing!
Back to top
View user's profile Send e-mail AIM Address Photo Gallery
Neil_Baumgardner
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Jan 24, 2006
Posts: 3942
Location: Arlington, VA
PostPosted: Sat Feb 25, 2012 6:24 pm
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Sill

Any info on where the Bradley came from? Incidentally, an M7 BFIST would have made more sense (at the Field Artillery Museum) than an M2...

Neil
Back to top
View user's profile
Neil_Baumgardner
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Jan 24, 2006
Posts: 3942
Location: Arlington, VA
PostPosted: Sun Feb 26, 2012 6:08 pm
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Sill

FYI, based on the SN painted on the bumper - 3AA00427F - its an M3 Bradley rather than an M2.

Neil
Back to top
View user's profile
JimWeb
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Jan 24, 2006
Posts: 1439
Location: The back of beyond
PostPosted: Sun Feb 26, 2012 11:02 pm
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Sill

I think it used to be an M6 Linebaker.

_________________
TTFN
Jim

If your not a member of JED then your
not serious about anything military..

***********************
www.jedsite.info
JED Military Equipment
***********************
Back to top
View user's profile Visit poster's website ICQ Number
Roy_A_Lingle
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Jan 24, 2006
Posts: 1997
Location: El Paso & Ft Bliss, Texas
PostPosted: Mon Feb 27, 2012 9:38 pm
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Sill

Hi VB! Hi Folks!

Great set of photos. Looks like I need to try planning a trip up to Ft. Still before the next BRAC moves things again.

I wonder if the Nike Her and Ajax on the launchers are the two that had been here at Ft. Bliss, TX.

Seeing the photos of the 88mm Flak gun is a bit upsetting. Ft. Bliss had one that had been shipped here during WWII for testing. It looks like they didn't need it sence Fort Still already had one.

Again thanks for all the hard work you did VB!
Sgt, Scouts out!

_________________
"You can never have too much reconnaissance."
General G.S. Patton Jr.
Back to top
View user's profile Send e-mail
bsmart
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Jan 23, 2006
Posts: 2523
Location: Central Maryland
PostPosted: Tue Feb 28, 2012 1:26 am
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Sill

The M12 (Which used to be at Aberdeen) looks fantastic! I see a few other pieces (like Semovante 149) that also came from Aberdeen.

_________________
Bob Smart ([email protected])
Back to top
View user's profile Send e-mail
vagabond
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Dec 05, 2009
Posts: 1388
Location: Constantly moving across US
PostPosted: Wed Feb 29, 2012 4:54 am
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Sill

Thanks everyone for the kind words and support!

Neil - I'm not sure the Bradley was/is even part of the museum collection. It was parked at the curb near where we parked our car and so it got photographed - along with everything else in sight! LOL!

The curator and staff at the museum are doing a great job!
Back to top
View user's profile
Neil_Baumgardner
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Jan 24, 2006
Posts: 3942
Location: Arlington, VA
PostPosted: Wed Feb 29, 2012 4:27 pm
Post subject: Re: Photo Gallery - US Army Field Artillery Museum - Fort Sill

Its probably a museum piece simply due to the fact that its a base M3 Bradley model rather than an M3A3, or M3A2 or even an M3A1...
Back to top
View user's profile
Display posts from previous:   
Post new topic    Reply to topic    Printer Friendly Page    Forum Index ›  AFV News Discussion Board
Page 1 of 2
All times are GMT - 6 Hours
Go to page 1, 2  Next



Jump to:  


You cannot post new topics in this forum
You cannot reply to topics in this forum
You cannot edit your posts in this forum
You cannot delete your posts in this forum
You cannot vote in polls in this forum
You cannot attach files in this forum
You cannot download files in this forum