±Recent Visitors

Recent Visitors to Com-Central!

±User Info-big


Welcome Anonymous

Nickname
Password

Membership:
Latest: cgsimpson
New Today: 0
New Yesterday: 0
Overall: 6645

People Online:
Members: 0
Visitors: 624
Total: 624
Who Is Where:
 Visitors:
01: Community Forums
02: Downloads
03: Home
04: Community Forums
05: Community Forums
06: Home
07: Home
08: Community Forums
09: Community Forums
10: Community Forums
11: Community Forums
12: Photo Gallery
13: Home
14: Community Forums
15: Community Forums
16: Community Forums
17: CPGlang
18: Home
19: Photo Gallery
20: Statistics
21: Member Screenshots
22: Photo Gallery
23: Home
24: Home
25: Home
26: Community Forums
27: Community Forums
28: Photo Gallery
29: Photo Gallery
30: Community Forums
31: Community Forums
32: Community Forums
33: Community Forums
34: Home
35: Photo Gallery
36: Community Forums
37: Community Forums
38: Community Forums
39: Community Forums
40: Home
41: Community Forums
42: Community Forums
43: Home
44: Community Forums
45: Community Forums
46: Photo Gallery
47: Community Forums
48: Community Forums
49: Community Forums
50: Community Forums
51: Photo Gallery
52: Photo Gallery
53: Home
54: Community Forums
55: Community Forums
56: Community Forums
57: Community Forums
58: Community Forums
59: Community Forums
60: Statistics
61: Community Forums
62: Photo Gallery
63: Community Forums
64: Community Forums
65: Photo Gallery
66: Community Forums
67: Community Forums
68: Community Forums
69: Photo Gallery
70: Photo Gallery
71: Photo Gallery
72: Community Forums
73: Community Forums
74: Community Forums
75: Downloads
76: Community Forums
77: Community Forums
78: Your Account
79: Community Forums
80: Community Forums
81: Community Forums
82: Community Forums
83: Community Forums
84: Community Forums
85: Your Account
86: Downloads
87: Community Forums
88: Home
89: Community Forums
90: Community Forums
91: Photo Gallery
92: Home
93: Community Forums
94: Community Forums
95: Photo Gallery
96: Community Forums
97: Photo Gallery
98: Downloads
99: Photo Gallery
100: Home
101: Community Forums
102: Downloads
103: Your Account
104: Community Forums
105: Community Forums
106: Community Forums
107: Community Forums
108: Community Forums
109: Community Forums
110: Downloads
111: Community Forums
112: Downloads
113: Downloads
114: Photo Gallery
115: Community Forums
116: Community Forums
117: Community Forums
118: Community Forums
119: Downloads
120: Community Forums
121: Downloads
122: Downloads
123: Home
124: Home
125: Home
126: Community Forums
127: Home
128: Downloads
129: Statistics
130: Community Forums
131: Home
132: Community Forums
133: Community Forums
134: Community Forums
135: Community Forums
136: Photo Gallery
137: Community Forums
138: Community Forums
139: Community Forums
140: Photo Gallery
141: Community Forums
142: Statistics
143: Community Forums
144: Member Screenshots
145: Community Forums
146: Community Forums
147: Photo Gallery
148: Community Forums
149: Community Forums
150: Photo Gallery
151: Community Forums
152: Community Forums
153: Home
154: Photo Gallery
155: Community Forums
156: Community Forums
157: Photo Gallery
158: Community Forums
159: Community Forums
160: Community Forums
161: Community Forums
162: Photo Gallery
163: Community Forums
164: Community Forums
165: Photo Gallery
166: Community Forums
167: Community Forums
168: Community Forums
169: Community Forums
170: Photo Gallery
171: Downloads
172: Community Forums
173: Home
174: Community Forums
175: Downloads
176: Community Forums
177: Home
178: Community Forums
179: Community Forums
180: Community Forums
181: Community Forums
182: Downloads
183: Community Forums
184: Community Forums
185: Photo Gallery
186: Photo Gallery
187: Member Screenshots
188: Community Forums
189: Community Forums
190: Community Forums
191: Downloads
192: Community Forums
193: Community Forums
194: Community Forums
195: Community Forums
196: Community Forums
197: Home
198: Home
199: Community Forums
200: Community Forums
201: Downloads
202: Community Forums
203: Community Forums
204: Community Forums
205: Community Forums
206: Community Forums
207: Community Forums
208: Community Forums
209: Downloads
210: Community Forums
211: Community Forums
212: Community Forums
213: Home
214: Photo Gallery
215: Photo Gallery
216: Community Forums
217: Community Forums
218: Your Account
219: Community Forums
220: Downloads
221: Community Forums
222: Community Forums
223: Community Forums
224: Community Forums
225: Photo Gallery
226: Downloads
227: Community Forums
228: Community Forums
229: Community Forums
230: Community Forums
231: Community Forums
232: Community Forums
233: Community Forums
234: Community Forums
235: Community Forums
236: Community Forums
237: Member Screenshots
238: Home
239: Community Forums
240: Community Forums
241: Community Forums
242: Photo Gallery
243: Community Forums
244: Community Forums
245: Photo Gallery
246: Community Forums
247: Community Forums
248: Photo Gallery
249: Community Forums
250: Community Forums
251: Photo Gallery
252: Community Forums
253: Photo Gallery
254: Community Forums
255: Community Forums
256: Community Forums
257: Community Forums
258: Community Forums
259: Community Forums
260: Home
261: Home
262: Downloads
263: Community Forums
264: Photo Gallery
265: Photo Gallery
266: Community Forums
267: Home
268: Photo Gallery
269: Home
270: Community Forums
271: Community Forums
272: Community Forums
273: Community Forums
274: Photo Gallery
275: Community Forums
276: Community Forums
277: Community Forums
278: Community Forums
279: Community Forums
280: Community Forums
281: Community Forums
282: Community Forums
283: Community Forums
284: Community Forums
285: Community Forums
286: Photo Gallery
287: Community Forums
288: Community Forums
289: Home
290: Community Forums
291: Community Forums
292: Your Account
293: Community Forums
294: Community Forums
295: Community Forums
296: Home
297: Community Forums
298: Community Forums
299: Community Forums
300: Community Forums
301: Photo Gallery
302: Photo Gallery
303: Photo Gallery
304: Photo Gallery
305: Photo Gallery
306: Community Forums
307: Your Account
308: Photo Gallery
309: Community Forums
310: Community Forums
311: Downloads
312: Photo Gallery
313: Community Forums
314: Home
315: Community Forums
316: Member Screenshots
317: Home
318: Community Forums
319: Community Forums
320: Photo Gallery
321: Your Account
322: Photo Gallery
323: Community Forums
324: Community Forums
325: Photo Gallery
326: Photo Gallery
327: Community Forums
328: Community Forums
329: Community Forums
330: Home
331: Downloads
332: Community Forums
333: Downloads
334: Home
335: Community Forums
336: Community Forums
337: Community Forums
338: Community Forums
339: Community Forums
340: Community Forums
341: Community Forums
342: Photo Gallery
343: Photo Gallery
344: Community Forums
345: Community Forums
346: Community Forums
347: Community Forums
348: Community Forums
349: Community Forums
350: Community Forums
351: Community Forums
352: Photo Gallery
353: Community Forums
354: Photo Gallery
355: Community Forums
356: Photo Gallery
357: Photo Gallery
358: Community Forums
359: Downloads
360: Community Forums
361: Photo Gallery
362: Community Forums
363: Community Forums
364: Community Forums
365: Community Forums
366: Community Forums
367: Community Forums
368: Community Forums
369: Community Forums
370: Downloads
371: Photo Gallery
372: Downloads
373: News
374: Photo Gallery
375: Community Forums
376: Downloads
377: Community Forums
378: News
379: Community Forums
380: Community Forums
381: Community Forums
382: Community Forums
383: Photo Gallery
384: Community Forums
385: Photo Gallery
386: Photo Gallery
387: Community Forums
388: Community Forums
389: Member Screenshots
390: Community Forums
391: Home
392: Community Forums
393: Community Forums
394: Community Forums
395: Community Forums
396: Member Screenshots
397: Community Forums
398: Community Forums
399: Community Forums
400: Community Forums
401: Photo Gallery
402: Community Forums
403: Community Forums
404: Community Forums
405: Home
406: Community Forums
407: Community Forums
408: Community Forums
409: Community Forums
410: Community Forums
411: Community Forums
412: Community Forums
413: Community Forums
414: Community Forums
415: Community Forums
416: Community Forums
417: Community Forums
418: Community Forums
419: Community Forums
420: Member Screenshots
421: Community Forums
422: Community Forums
423: Photo Gallery
424: Community Forums
425: Home
426: Community Forums
427: Photo Gallery
428: Community Forums
429: Community Forums
430: Community Forums
431: Community Forums
432: Downloads
433: Community Forums
434: Community Forums
435: Community Forums
436: Photo Gallery
437: Community Forums
438: Community Forums
439: Photo Gallery
440: Photo Gallery
441: Home
442: Community Forums
443: Community Forums
444: Community Forums
445: Photo Gallery
446: Downloads
447: Community Forums
448: Member Screenshots
449: CPGlang
450: Member Screenshots
451: Community Forums
452: Community Forums
453: Photo Gallery
454: Community Forums
455: Community Forums
456: Downloads
457: Community Forums
458: News Archive
459: Photo Gallery
460: Photo Gallery
461: Community Forums
462: Community Forums
463: Community Forums
464: Community Forums
465: Community Forums
466: Community Forums
467: Photo Gallery
468: Community Forums
469: Community Forums
470: Home
471: Community Forums
472: Community Forums
473: Downloads
474: Community Forums
475: Community Forums
476: Home
477: Community Forums
478: Community Forums
479: Community Forums
480: Community Forums
481: Community Forums
482: Community Forums
483: Downloads
484: Photo Gallery
485: Community Forums
486: Community Forums
487: Community Forums
488: Community Forums
489: Photo Gallery
490: Community Forums
491: Community Forums
492: Photo Gallery
493: Photo Gallery
494: Community Forums
495: Community Forums
496: Community Forums
497: CPGlang
498: Home
499: Photo Gallery
500: Community Forums
501: Community Forums
502: Community Forums
503: Community Forums
504: Community Forums
505: Home
506: Photo Gallery
507: Community Forums
508: Community Forums
509: Photo Gallery
510: Community Forums
511: Community Forums
512: Photo Gallery
513: Home
514: Community Forums
515: Community Forums
516: Community Forums
517: Community Forums
518: Downloads
519: Community Forums
520: Community Forums
521: Community Forums
522: Photo Gallery
523: Community Forums
524: Home
525: Community Forums
526: Community Forums
527: Community Forums
528: Community Forums
529: Photo Gallery
530: Photo Gallery
531: Photo Gallery
532: Photo Gallery
533: Home
534: Community Forums
535: Community Forums
536: Community Forums
537: Community Forums
538: Photo Gallery
539: Community Forums
540: Community Forums
541: Community Forums
542: Photo Gallery
543: Community Forums
544: Photo Gallery
545: Statistics
546: Photo Gallery
547: Home
548: Photo Gallery
549: Downloads
550: Photo Gallery
551: Community Forums
552: Community Forums
553: Photo Gallery
554: Community Forums
555: Community Forums
556: Member Screenshots
557: Community Forums
558: Photo Gallery
559: Photo Gallery
560: Community Forums
561: Community Forums
562: Community Forums
563: Downloads
564: Community Forums
565: Community Forums
566: Community Forums
567: Community Forums
568: Community Forums
569: Community Forums
570: Community Forums
571: Community Forums
572: Community Forums
573: Community Forums
574: Community Forums
575: Photo Gallery
576: Community Forums
577: Community Forums
578: Community Forums
579: Community Forums
580: Photo Gallery
581: Home
582: Photo Gallery
583: Community Forums
584: Community Forums
585: Community Forums
586: Community Forums
587: Community Forums
588: Downloads
589: Community Forums
590: Home
591: Community Forums
592: Photo Gallery
593: Your Account
594: Community Forums
595: Community Forums
596: Home
597: Downloads
598: Downloads
599: Community Forums
600: Community Forums
601: Community Forums
602: Community Forums
603: Downloads
604: Home
605: Community Forums
606: Home
607: Community Forums
608: Photo Gallery
609: Community Forums
610: Photo Gallery
611: Community Forums
612: Community Forums
613: Photo Gallery
614: Community Forums
615: Community Forums
616: Photo Gallery
617: Community Forums
618: Photo Gallery
619: Photo Gallery
620: Statistics
621: Photo Gallery
622: Member Screenshots
623: Community Forums
624: Community Forums

Staff Online:

No staff members are online!
New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT :: Archived
Resolve issues with your computer problems here or read about the latest computer parts and information.
Post new topic    Revive this topic    Printer Friendly Page     Forum Index ›  Hardware

Topic Archived View previous topic :: View next topic  
Author Message
Uhu_Fledermaus
Aircraft Demolition Expert

Offline Offline
Joined: Nov 28, 2004
Posts: 4369
Location: Blaricum, The Netherlands ~GMT+1
PostPosted: Fri Jun 16, 2006 5:41 am
Post subject: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

eCinema says it has a true CRT replacement


LCD panels have traditionally been lagging behind CRT monitors in terms of color response, saturation, accuracy and overall black-level response. Because LCDs are "always lit" by a backlight, deep dark blacks have been the Achilles heel of LCD technology. However, a company named eCinema Systems has announced a new LCD technology that it claims surpasses CRT in virtually every respect.

read more here

looks promising !


fled
Cool
Back to top
View user's profile ICQ Number MSN Messenger Photo Gallery
Shadow_Bshwackr
Janitor

Offline Offline
Joined: Jan 21, 2005
Posts: 7015
Location: Central Illinois, USA
PostPosted: Fri Jun 16, 2006 11:14 am
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

Rgr Fled. I haven't seen this in person yet, but CRT's IMO always had a 'nicer screen' than LCD's. It would be nice to see that change as LCD's take a bit less 'real estate'... Smile
Back to top
View user's profile Visit poster's website Photo Gallery
Hangman
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Nov 19, 2004
Posts: 449

PostPosted: Fri Jun 16, 2006 7:06 pm
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

I used to think so too Bush until here recently..I was tired of the monster monitor on my desk...One of the leading retail manufacturers recently had a 19" wide screen LCD onsale so I said the heck with it and bought one. This particular retailer has no problem with returns and will take things back wihtout a receipt so I had nothing to lose, if I didn't like it I could take it back...Now I have been skeptical of LCD's forever but I must say I absolutely love this monitor..it has an 800/1 contrast ratio which is amazingly bright & clear..there's something about my particular vision that I prefer everything very bright or it's hard for me to see especially in the monitor/television area...The biggest difference I had heard of was in gaming, an IT friend of mine told me a few years back that LCD's just couldn't deliver the quality of a CRT and that although they looked ok but to the discerning eye the games would always have a slightly fuzzy/blurry appearence. I don't think thats true any longer, no one likes there gaming screenshots sharper or clearer than I do and I haven't noticed any difference at all..all in all I've had this LCD for about two months now and I can't see myself putting that monster CRT back on my desk...so my advice, if you find a good quality LCD at a good price and you've been considering it, I'd say do it...The Pro's outway any Cons (And I haven't found one of those yet) and the desk space is so NICE!!!! I'm even considering mounting the LCD on the wall above the desk to clear more room..try that with a CRT!

oh yeah, I absolutely love the widescreen, even though I can't go any higher than 1440X900, I don't think I could even go back to a plain ole square screen...
Back to top
View user's profile Photo Gallery
Shades
Forum Tree-Rat

Offline Offline
Joined: Mar 07, 2005
Posts: 6473
Location: 3rd Branch up, 'Ye Olde Oak', Green Wood.
PostPosted: Sat Jun 17, 2006 8:43 am
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

Yep, me too.

My old Ilyama has been relegated to the loft (attic - US) now until my office migrates to a new room. I had a blinkered approach to LCD's and wasn't prepared to try one because I'd only seen the cheap ones. One day I decided to buy one unseen online on a recommendation. It wasn't cheap but still wasn't very expensive either.

I bought a Viewsonic 19". It was much clearer / brighter picture than my old CRT and the response is 8ms (the current model is now down to 2ms but you won't notice either because they're so fast).
I hear Samsungs are also as good though I haven't tried one.

Obvious advantages of LCD's are 1) space, 2) they don't have the same effect on the stuff in your head. ie. headaches / eye problems.

Also, I don't seem to need to sit as close to the LCD as I did the CRT.

Native res. is 1280x1024 (which will give you the best / fastest performance) but I have mine set lower 1024x768 for CFS1 and find it helps for web graphics as well

The enduring problem with LCD's is that you can still get the odd 'dead' pixel and it's so probable that they actually write it into the warranty disclaimers. I have one 'red' cell on mine, which pops up on dark backrounds, but it's off the the right edge of the screen and is so small I can live with it.
When they get to grips with these, they'll be rockin'!

_________________
Skwerl's place.

Com-Central's cutest, fluffiest, twitchiest, tail.
CPU > Intel i9-9900k (o/c 4.9GHz); COOLING > BeQuiet! Dark Rock Pro 4;
MOBO > ASUS PRIME Z390-A; RAM > 2x32GB Corsair LPX 2666MHz;
GPU > Gigabyte GEFORCE GTX650Ti PCI-e 3.0 2Gb GDDR5;
AUDIO > Creative X-Fi Xtreme Music (plus - Universal Audio UAD2 Quad Custom accelerator);
HDD > 3x1TB+ M.2. SSDs; LCD > DELL - S2419HGF (1920x1080);
PSU > 650W be quiet Straight Power 11 - 80+ Gold;
CASE > BeQuiet! SILENT BASE 601; OS > Windows 11 Home Advanced (64-bit).
Back to top
View user's profile Visit poster's website ICQ Number
Shadow_Bshwackr
Janitor

Offline Offline
Joined: Jan 21, 2005
Posts: 7015
Location: Central Illinois, USA
PostPosted: Sat Jun 17, 2006 11:12 am
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

Yep, the CRT's are losing ground as LCD's get better. I had an opportunity to see 8 different manufactured models in a row at a large US retailer a couple months back. There's a BIG difference in different LCD's with most of them so-so in the resolution area. At the moment, I don't recall the name of the one I did like, but Samsung seems to come to mind.

Of the one I did like, the colors were sharp, the picture clear and love the smaller 'footprint' the LCD's provide and I've seen some pretty good prices lately on the 19" and smaller models... Wink
Back to top
View user's profile Visit poster's website Photo Gallery
Trans_23
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Apr 03, 2006
Posts: 48
Location: Chicago, IL
PostPosted: Sat Jun 24, 2006 11:50 am
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

I just saw an ad in the paper here yesterday for a 20.1" Veiwsonic LCD monitor for $299. Time for me to start some serious shopping. Smile

_________________
Back to top
View user's profile Visit poster's website ICQ Number MSN Messenger
Shades
Forum Tree-Rat

Offline Offline
Joined: Mar 07, 2005
Posts: 6473
Location: 3rd Branch up, 'Ye Olde Oak', Green Wood.
PostPosted: Sat Jun 24, 2006 1:09 pm
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

Two good indicators to check are contrast and response times.
Contrast:- Higher = better.
Response:- Lower = better.

Make sure what the vendors policy on "dead pixels" is. If you don't you may have a whole bunch of odd colours and a happy supplier who don't care.

Smile

_________________
Skwerl's place.

Com-Central's cutest, fluffiest, twitchiest, tail.
CPU > Intel i9-9900k (o/c 4.9GHz); COOLING > BeQuiet! Dark Rock Pro 4;
MOBO > ASUS PRIME Z390-A; RAM > 2x32GB Corsair LPX 2666MHz;
GPU > Gigabyte GEFORCE GTX650Ti PCI-e 3.0 2Gb GDDR5;
AUDIO > Creative X-Fi Xtreme Music (plus - Universal Audio UAD2 Quad Custom accelerator);
HDD > 3x1TB+ M.2. SSDs; LCD > DELL - S2419HGF (1920x1080);
PSU > 650W be quiet Straight Power 11 - 80+ Gold;
CASE > BeQuiet! SILENT BASE 601; OS > Windows 11 Home Advanced (64-bit).
Back to top
View user's profile Visit poster's website ICQ Number
tomclayton
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Mar 19, 2006
Posts: 186

PostPosted: Sun Jun 25, 2006 8:56 pm
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

The key to getting a sharp image on an LCD is to run at the "optimum resolution" or "native resolution." I have a KDS K717s 17" LCD that runs at 1280x1024. If I run any other resolution, it's guaranteed to be blurred, as is any other LCD. At that resolution, if the PC says that the pixel at 10x20 should be black on a white field, then it will be one tiny black speck on a white field. If I set the monitor to some other resolution, then when the PC tries to turn that same pixel black, the actual location will be somewhere between two physical pixels. the monitor will then have to average out that black level between those two pixels, resulting in blurred edges. I've heard from so many people that say "I just got this new LCD, but it's too blurry!" I get them set at the right resolution, then help them pick up their jawbone after it's fired back up the first time! (If the fonts and icons are too small, there's accessibility options that can be used.)

_________________
Admin: Garry J. Smith's Forums and TVA Forums
Back to top
View user's profile Send e-mail Visit poster's website
Shadow_Banshee
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Feb 03, 2005
Posts: 575

PostPosted: Mon Jun 26, 2006 2:04 pm
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

. personaly i have 2x 19in monitors with no probs or down pixels the ones around 3yrs old others 1yr, i had no probs with either since set up pics crisp and clean, dump those big ole table fillers asap......

_________________
Lay me place and bake me Pie
I'm starving for me Gravy
Back to top
View user's profile
Shadow_Banshee
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Feb 03, 2005
Posts: 575

PostPosted: Mon Jun 26, 2006 2:12 pm
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

www.gdargaud.net/Hack/...ixels.html

_________________
Lay me place and bake me Pie
I'm starving for me Gravy
Back to top
View user's profile
RCAF_MadDog
Janitor

Offline Offline
Joined: Nov 13, 2004
Posts: 849

PostPosted: Sun Jul 09, 2006 9:13 am
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

I bought a 19" NEC MultiSync 1940CX LCD and I love it....And since I run dual monitors the main one will be 21"

(However I am waiting to talk to a buddy about a 32" Plasma monitor he has)
Back to top
View user's profile Photo Gallery
Shadow_Bshwackr
Janitor

Offline Offline
Joined: Jan 21, 2005
Posts: 7015
Location: Central Illinois, USA
PostPosted: Sun Jul 09, 2006 9:54 am
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

Shocked Who's the new guy...uhm...dog I mean?....lol

Hiya MD! Wink
Back to top
View user's profile Visit poster's website Photo Gallery
Uhu_Fledermaus
Aircraft Demolition Expert

Offline Offline
Joined: Nov 28, 2004
Posts: 4369
Location: Blaricum, The Netherlands ~GMT+1
PostPosted: Sun Jul 09, 2006 9:58 am
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

Hi MD !

Good to see ya bud !


fled
Cool
Back to top
View user's profile ICQ Number MSN Messenger Photo Gallery
HF_SlowHand
Power User

Offline Offline
Joined: Aug 27, 2005
Posts: 767
Location: Meeechigan
PostPosted: Thu Nov 16, 2006 10:26 pm
Post subject: Re: New LCD Technology Outperforms CRT

Jerry, it was probably the Samsung...

I ahve been thinking about this one...

www.tigerdirect.ca/app...&CatId=170

or maybe this one

www.newegg.com/product...6824116375

I got rid of my last one because I prefer 1600x1200... cant they get it to 1600X1200? (is that so bad?)...

_________________
I deny everything
I lie about everything
And everything I deny
Is a lie!
Back to top
View user's profile Send e-mail Visit poster's website
Display posts from previous:   
Post new topic    Revive this topic    Printer Friendly Page    Forum Index ›  Hardware
Page 1 of 1
All times are GMT - 6 Hours

Archive Revive
Username:
This is an archived topic - your reply will not be appended here.
Instead, a new topic will be generated in the active forum.
The new topic will provide a reference link to this archived topic.